## ::Perpendicular

### ::concepts

Point::geometry    Lines::angles    Other::''a''    Segment::''b''    Through::right    Parallel::tangent

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The segment AB is perpendicular to the segment CD because the two angles it creates (indicated in orange and blue) are each 90 degrees.

In elementary geometry, the property of being perpendicular (perpendicularity) is the relationship between two lines which meet at a right angle (90 degrees). The property extends to other related geometric objects.

A line is said to be perpendicular to another line if the two lines intersect at a right angle.<ref>{{#invoke:Footnotes | harvard_core }}</ref> Explicitly, a first line is perpendicular to a second line if (1) the two lines meet; and (2) at the point of intersection the straight angle on one side of the first line is cut by the second line into two congruent angles. Perpendicularity can be shown to be symmetric, meaning if a first line is perpendicular to a second line, then the second line is also perpendicular to the first. For this reason, we may speak of two lines as being perpendicular (to each other) without specifying an order.

Perpendicularity easily extends to segments and rays. For example, a line segment $\overline{AB}$ is perpendicular to a line segment $\overline{CD}$ if, when each is extended in both directions to form an infinite line, these two resulting lines are perpendicular in the sense above. In symbols, $\overline{AB} \perp \overline{CD}$ means line segment AB is perpendicular to line segment CD.<ref>{{#invoke:Footnotes | harvard_core }}</ref> The point B is called a foot of the perpendicular from A to segment $\overline{CD}$, or simply, a foot of A on $\overline{CD}$.<ref>{{#invoke:Footnotes | harvard_core }}</ref>

A line is said to be perpendicular to a plane if it is perpendicular to every line in the plane that it intersects. This definition depends on the definition of perpendicularity between lines.

Two planes in space are said to be perpendicular if the dihedral angle at which they meet is a right angle (90 degrees).

Perpendicularity is one particular instance of the more general mathematical concept of orthogonality; perpendicularity is the orthogonality of classical geometric objects. Thus, in advanced mathematics, the word "perpendicular" is sometimes used to describe much more complicated geometric orthogonality conditions, such as that between a surface and its normal.

Perpendicular sections
Intro   Construction of the perpendicular    In relationship to parallel lines   In computing distances   Graph of functions   In circles and other conics  In polygons  Lines in three dimensions   See also    Notes    References    External links

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