::Industrial Revolution
::concepts
First::title Britain::which Century::steam History::machine Thumb::press England::british
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The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, improved efficiency of water power, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system. It also included the change from wood and other bio-fuels to coal. Textiles were the dominant industry of the Industrial Revolution in terms of employment, value of output and capital invested; the textile industry was also the first to use modern production methods.<ref name="Landes1969">{{#invoke:Footnotes|harvard_citation_no_bracket}}</ref>:40
The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. Some economists say that the major impact of the Industrial Revolution was that the standard of living for the general population began to increase consistently for the first time in history, although others have said that it did not begin to meaningfully improve until the late 19th and 20th centuries.<ref name="Lectures on Economic Growth"/><ref name="Feinstein2014"/><ref name="SzreterMooney2014"/>
The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom and most of the important technological innovations were British. Mechanized textile production spread to continental Europe in the early 19th century, with important centers in France. A major iron making center developed in Belgium. Since then industrialisation has spread throughout the world.<ref name="Landes1969"/> The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.<ref name="revolution"/><ref name="google1"/><ref name="Rehabilitating the Industrial Revolution"/><ref name="lorenzen"/> GDP per capita was broadly stable before the Industrial Revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy,<ref name="The Industrial Revolution"/> while the Industrial Revolution began an era of per-capita economic growth in capitalist economies.<ref name="The Industrial Revolution Past and Future"/> Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals, plants<ref name="ReviewOfCambridge"/> and fire.
The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories.<ref name="Taylor 1951"> {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }} No name is given to the transition years. The Transportation Revolution began with improved roads in the late 18th century.</ref><ref name="Roe1916"/><ref>{{#invoke:Footnotes|harvard_citation_no_bracket}}</ref>
Industrial Revolution sections
Intro Etymology Important technological developments Social effects Industrialisation beyond the United Kingdom Second Industrial Revolutions Intellectual paradigms and criticism Causes See also References External links
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